Autism Marked by Widespread Brain Inflammation
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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Nov 18 - Brains
obtained at autopsy from autism patients show widespread neuroglial activation
and inflammation, according to a report in the November 15th online edition of
Annals of Neurology.
Despite suggestions that immune dysfunction
plays a role in the pathogenesis of autism, the authors explain,
neuropathological studies have given little attention to immune and neuroglial
activity in autism.
Dr. Carlos A. Pardo from Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and colleagues studied brain tissues
obtained at autopsy from 11 autistic patients and cerebrospinal fluid from 6
living autistic patients. Neuropathological
examination of autistic brains revealed extensive neuroglial responses, along
with patchy loss of neurons in the Purkinje cell layer and granular cell layer
of the cerebellum. "The marked
neuroglial activity in the cerebellum is consistent with previous observations
that the cerebellum is one focus of pathological abnormalities in morphological
and neuroimaging studies of patients with autism," Dr. Pardo
commented. There was, however, no
evidence of adaptive immune reactions in autistic brains, the authors report.
Brain tissues from autistic patients showed
increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, the results indicate,
particularly in the region of the anterior cingulate gyrus. Cytokines
originated principally from reactive astrocytes.
Cerebrospinal fluid from living autistic
patients showed significant increases in MCP-1, IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-8,
MIP-1beta, and other proinflammatory cytokines and modulatory cytokines.
"These cytokines play important roles in
immune mediated processes, and their presence in the CSF in autistic patients
may reflect an ongoing stage of inflammatory reactions likely associated with
neuroglial activation and/or neuronal injury," Dr. Pardo explained. "At present, there is no indication for
using anti-inflammatory medications in patients with autism," Dr. Pardo
cautioned. "There are ongoing experimental studies to examine the effect
of drugs that limit the activation of microglia and astrocytes, but their use
in humans must await further evidence of their efficacy and safety."
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy is known for its
ability to dramatically reduce inflammation!
Ann Neurol 2004.
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